Interviews

Daniel Hwang is the head of protocols at Stakefish (a leading proof of stake validator, largest non-custodial ETH2.0 validator, and #1 Cosmos validator). In addition, he is the special projects lead at F2Pool (the world’s largest Bitcoin mining pool and second-largest Ethereum mining pool). He is also a founding organizer of HanDAO (Korea’s first DAO; supporting the Korean creator community with education, financial support, and ecosystem building).
Hwang also leads the Blockchain Infrastructure Carbon Offset Working Group. He started his journey into the cryptocurrency and blockchain space as a cryptocurrency miner in 2013. He has since supported cryptocurrency-based remittances in southeast Asia, led the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), a working group on health data on the blockchain, and built localized decentralized exchanges in Asia. He has also researched and worked on cryptography and distributed systems during his graduate program at Johns Hopkins University and has extensively supported the NFT and metaverse space for creators.

Gregory is co-founder and CEO of Regen Network. Regen Network is leading the way toward tracking and funding ecological regeneration using blockchain technology.
About Dan
Daniel Hwang is the head of protocols at Stakefish (a leading proof of stake validator, largest non-custodial ETH2.0 validator, and #1 Cosmos validator). In addition, he is the special projects lead at F2Pool (the world’s largest Bitcoin mining pool and second-largest Ethereum mining pool). He is also a founding organizer of HanDAO (Korea’s first DAO; supporting the Korean creator community with education, financial support, and ecosystem building).
Hwang also leads the Blockchain Infrastructure Carbon Offset Working Group. He started his journey into the cryptocurrency and blockchain space as a cryptocurrency miner in 2013. He has since supported cryptocurrency-based remittances in southeast Asia, led the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), a working group on health data on the blockchain, and built localized decentralized exchanges in Asia. He has also researched and worked on cryptography and distributed systems during his graduate program at Johns Hopkins University and has extensively supported the NFT and metaverse space for creators.
Interview
Q #1 –Given your work at climate technology and crypto intersection, how did you first enter the ReFi space?
I am a part of the Blockchain Infrastructure Carbon Offset Working Group (BICOWG)–a mouthful, I know, but it was a purely utilitarian choice of name that eventually just stuck. My day job is at F2Pool, a Proof-of-Work (PoW) mining pool, leading special projects there, and as Head of Protocols at stakefish, a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) validator. Both F2Pool and stakefish share parts of the same family (#fishfam).
As a result of my work at F2Pool, I found myself constantly engaging with an ever-growing climate outcry related to the cryptocurrency ecosystem. F2Pool is one of the largest PoW mining pools and was understandably getting many questions and criticisms.
The short of it was that we took on the responsibility of addressing these climate issues, which eventually led to the creation of the BICOWG.
The long of it was that the BICOWG almost didn’t happen. Late in 2020, just when we saw the growing tremors of the NFT wave sweeping across the planet, I was working on a project presentation with Gregory Landua from Regen Network (stakefish is a proud supporting validator!). This presentation was code-named “Project Eleanora” (Greta Thunberg’s middle name) that detailed a plan for having blockchain infrastructure service providers (like F2Pool and stakefish) adopt climate-positive initiatives.
These initiatives included carbon emission measurements, offsetting those measured emissions, and eventually greening our reserve assets with the potential for additional yield generation on those greened assets. This project did not get through the front door, but fortunately, we got it through the side door, and now we have the BICOWG! We were also able to offset our emissions for both F2Pool and stakefish!
The BICOWG then was started after these efforts, which included many of the who’s who in the crypto-climate ecosystem. Now the BICOWG has a brain trust of crypto-climate experts that many of us rely on to helpfully separate the signal from the noise and provide accurate and level-headed instruction, education, and support!
Also, fun fact: a lifetime ago, in addition to the CS undergrad and grad school. I was once a bio major! I actually focused on soil biology–specifically metagenomics. I did bioinformatics research on gut bacteria as well! So perhaps that’s where my love of the climate stemmed from before I dove down the Bitcoin rabbit hole in 2013!
Q #2 –Your unique position straddling mining, protocols, and DAO’s coupled with your experience in the crypto industry, provide you with a bird’s eye view: What do you see in terms of opportunities (like refi) and challenges (like statutory regulations or broader usage among web2 users)?
The composability of web3 means many more opportunities across the entire vertical stack for carbon credit usage in many exciting ways!
Q # 3 –The crypto, and blockchain space is very noisy. How do you identify, track good conversations or projects to follow?
Unfortunately, there is no easy answer to this question. This is highly subjective, but I think the brain trust members at the BICOWG are a good start, and the ReFi ecosystem members are active leaders. Twitter seems to be where most of the engagement and activity happens!
Q #4 –Most people have a generic answer to reducing the carbon footprint of Blockchain – Either use renewable energy or use PoS (proof of stake)?
-Can you break down (with examples) how different projects are taking responsibility for their carbon footprint through carbon offsetting and developing industry-wide, protocol-level opportunities to reduce its ecological impact.
We as an organization at F2Pool and stakefish purchased carbon offsets. There have been entire blockchains that have offset their emissions. FTX has committed to contributing to carbon removal and research: https://twitter.com/SBF_FTX/status/1419984841190219777. NFT projects like the Shl0ms $CAR drop were offset by 3x: https://twitter.com/SHL0MS/status/1504238654541156360. And there are even initiatives from Bitcoin mining device manufacturers to develop carbon-neutral strategies for chip development: https://www.bitmain.com/news-detail/bitmain-develops-carbon-neutral-strategy-while-improving-plans-for-enhanced-chip-development-162
Q# 5 –Can you share the work done by BICOWG concerning preliminary drafts for a system designed to incentivize offset of carbon footprint through tokenized carbon credits and integration into existing yield generating opportunities in DeFi and indexes?
There is theoretically a limit to the number of demanded offsets. The idea is to make use of the utility the web3 ecosystem provides. This specifically is its composability through the “green money legos” (composable applications that can be pieced together). The type of demand sink that offsetting provides can be potentially outpaced by introducing more opportunities for tokenized carbon credits to be used. This comes from the concept of ‘incentivizing good behavior ’– which in this case can be the purchasing of tokenized carbon credits.
I’ll draw from a section of a paper we’ve been working on at the BICOWG:
Crypto asset networks can achieve carbon neutrality through incentivized carbon offset purchases. When carbon offset credits are packaged with crypto assets, these assets command price premiums and add value to all stakeholders within the system. Identifying, connecting, and incentivizing the stakeholders that facilitate this system is tied with the network ecosystem’s desire to purchase, hold, use, and be affiliated with carbon offset crypto assets, thought of as ‘greened’ assets.
This system implementation identifies five key stakeholders:
- Crypto asset producers/holders
- Carbon credit tokenization entities/digitally native registries
- Green crypto-asset packaging entities
- NFT indexes, DeFi applications
- The network’s belief in and incentives to purchase, hold, use, and be affiliated with greened crypto assets is critical to the system’s success.
A crypto asset is ‘greened’ by being paired and packaged with carbon credits that offset its carbon footprint. These greened crypto-assets can then generate yields on DeFi products that reflect each asset’s impact. Additional value can accrue to stakeholders who are part of the asset-greening process in the fees and governance of the carbon credit tokenization, curation, and selection process.
Q# 6 –We would love to know what projects you are currently working on – apart from BICOWG or any recent updates at F2Pool, Stakefish, or HanDAO?
A lot of exciting things!
F2Pool: BICOWG, adopting carbon emissions measurements dashboards, offsetting
stakefish: chain-level governance frameworks, interchain governance frameworks, delegator-communications initiatives (metaverse HQ, videos, roundups)
HanDAO: social DAO frameworks
Q#7 –What does Dan Hwang like to do in his free time?
I really like the work I do at HanDAO, where I help artists with smart contract development, deployment, minting, and education. Some of the most fun I have there is the DAO governance dynamics that constantly change and get updated. It’s very interesting being able to apply the learnings I have from my day job interacting with governance at the L1 level and applying them (or not) to the DAO governance level–especially with social DAOs, which I believe are fundamentally different from investment DAOs.
But for more non-work stuff, I like taking walks by myself. I call it ‘brain defragmentation’. Also, 20 minutes of sunlight is recommended!
Q #8 –What is the best way one can reach out to you / BICOWG if they have any projects, thoughts, or want to know how to contribute or participate in BICOWG?
Twitter: @danhwang88
Email:
Telegram: @hwangarang
About Gregory
Gregory is co-founder and CEO of Regen Network. Regen Network is leading the way toward tracking and funding ecological regeneration using blockchain technology.
Interview
Q #1 –Tell us a bit about Regen Network: Who are you, How did you get started, What inspires you, What Are you doing, and Why does it matter?
-This is a complex space, full of technicalities, misconceptions, and some say hype or jargon: How would you translate your day-to-day to your grandma?
Why does it matter? My observation in life has been that ecological health is something everyone wants but is also the first thing to suffer when economic decisions are made. When someone needs to take care of their family, or “fiduciary duty” – looking after the health of their family or business – then ecological health suffers. That is intrinsic to our particular economy, monetary, and financial system. Still, if you look at the broader arch of society, I don’t believe it is a problem of human nature. There are plenty of examples of society succeeding in grounding economic and ecological health and connecting those two. That observation is at the core of what started Regen Network: Our social economy does not have to be at the cost of environmental health. Then asking, if that’s true – if ecological, economic, and societal health are aligned, how do we accomplish that? How do we connect the social-economic value, and how do we identify wealth status and money? How do we relate that directly to ecological health? That’s the big connection—the economic value to ecological health [equals] Regen Network.
Some things that have inspired me are people, businesses, and regions where this is happening organically, where people are intrinsically motivated to care for ecological health even at the expense of their economic health and well-being. So if we can realign eco[logical] and economic health, the difficulties of reconnecting value to ecological health have to do with how we verify and monitor and achieve consensus about what ecological health is; and how that process generates something that we all believe in. That’s the core problem [that] the Regen Network community is working on daily. We bring in satellite data, blockchain, Earth science, different statistical methods, AI, and ancestral and traditional wisdom — all tools used to provide consensus in a way that everyone trusts and agrees with. And that’s a scientific and financial process, but at its core, it’s a social process involving creating consensus about what is real. That’s why blockchain is at the heart of what we do – it is a foundationally social technology. It maintains consensus around the state of that network. We’re creating a network that allows people to develop a consensus about the ecological state.
Q #2 –What is the most misconstrued or misunderstood element about space? How can we rectify them? How are you doing so?
It firstly depends on what “the space” is. Regenerative Finance is new, and carbon markets and climate finance are less new but, in the scheme of things, still pretty new. In that, there are misconceptions, so there are some restraints. The biggest problem is that crypto is the environment – a broad misunderstanding. Bitcoin and PoW are bad for the environment, and I think there are different ways to discuss that misunderstanding. I think that’s half true, and that’s complex, and there are ways in which crypto can be bad, so it’s important to acknowledge that. So BICOWG’s work in transparency and its impact on the blockchain industry and helping to offset that impact. I think proof of stake and blockchain 2.0 and 3.0 consensus mechanisms are not as detrimental to the environment. They are about as harmful to the environment as surfing is to the environment. Different people draw their thresholds in other places. Cannot lump proof of stake as environmentally destructive. While bitcoin uses the energy of a small country, Regen uses the network of 50 families consensus – and that’s a huge difference. Regen Network and proof of stake networks. Often, people are flippant and think Bitcoin is evil. So how can you do something good? So you have to go through that process, but that’s not the point regarding what Regen Network does. We use highly efficient decentralized technology. You wouldn’t want to use Bitcoin to do what we’re doing.
Q # 3 –You’re a pioneer in this space, having worked nose to the ground for years; what was your ‘aha’ moment that pushed you to see Regen Network through?
Very early, very early, the genesis moment had a clear experience of what needed to be true for our human economy to be a force of regeneration instead of degeneration, and that’s kept me going through tough, challenging circumstances—going back to that initial source of inspiration.
Q #4 –What do you see in terms of opportunities (like refi) and challenges (like statutory regulations or broader usage among Web2 users)?
There are significant opportunities in creating more transparent finance industries, including ecological assets that are financial assets backed by ecological transforms. Transparent and efficient financial institutions also transform what finance means. There’s an interesting opportunity for finance to serve ecological health and people as an instrument to service health as opposed to an instrument feeding its own growth. That’s going to happen if we have the intention and if we work for it. It won’t evolve naturally; people need to exercise willpower. From a regulatory perspective, there are ways in which we need to be cautious to not over-regulate and not to let it simply be. There is a role of a social contract and social regulation. Optimistic about the regulatory environment. It looks like the US is taking a pretty sane approach.
Q# 5 –The crypto blockchain space is very noisy. How do you identify and track good conversations or projects to follow?
That’s a tricky question; I think the first way I approach this is through social filters. Over the years, I’ve decided who to trust, and I filter things through that. I try to find the smartest people who are philosophically aligned with my perspective on the world. Pruning and choosing what to focus on and double on because it’s so easy to get distracted and dispersed, you start to get a sense of different approaches and communities. It’s all about communities. So as you build communities, the dangerous side is this develops into a filter bubble.
First, I think you have to mix the medium of engagements – so, you can’t just use Twitter and Discord, or you can’t just use forums like Reddit. There’s this idea that there are essentially four important lineages of user experience for information: boards, forums, live chats, and Twitter. Mixing and matching. So,for example, if I’m going to get involved with something, I’m going to check Regen’s forum, where people from the community engage. I’ll engage with projects with engagements. Another filter: if I go to a blockchain process, and they don’t have an active Github, I won’t spend time. I disqualify platforms as a scam if there is no Github engagement. If people don’t want to be open, it’s my way of understanding whether it’s genuine or transparent. Github and technical documentation and posts are where I get my info. Is it compatible with Regen? That is what I always look at. In the ReFi space, there are people with great ideas and intentions, but they don’t have anything yet. Transparency is key.
Q# 6 –Can you share the work designed to incentivize offset of carbon footprint through tokenized carbon credits and integration into existing yield generating opportunities in DeFi and indexes?
There are two parts of the equation: one is having good carbon credits to do the offsetting with. There’s a lot of work on both sides to offset carbon footprints. Regen is working on the Cosmos programs and building an on-chain offsetting module so that people can use a standard tool to purchase credits and provide evidence that they have offset. Regarding offsetting in the blockchain offsetting, you can have different carbon footprints depending on where you live so we will develop reporting and verification standards. People currently offset to the worst-case scenario – but over time, we need to build the tools so people can prove that their offsetting is something better than the worst possible scenario. It’s vital: Offsetting does not work unless people are committed to reducing emissions. The baseline is to ensure there’s a price for carbon emissions, so we’re paying for the work we’re doing and sequestering the carbon into soils and carbon. If you’re paying to pollute, that means you will pollute less.
Q#7 –We would love to know what projects you are currently working on – apart from BICOWG or any recent updates at Regen?
Regen Network is what I’m working on the most. It’s a very pluralistic network. I work across different networks where I think about carbon accounting, the Cosmos community, and Osmosis. Because Regen is originating assets working to offset, I spend a lot of time with developers [and with] investors in the broader Cosmos ecosystem. And, of course, I try to work on my maple-sugar farm.
Q #8 –We’re standing on the shoulders of giants. What have you learned? How are you paying homage to these giants? Is there a dream opportunity, circumstance, or partnership that could see that through?
On the technical layer, we pay homage to our commitment to pulling our weight for engineering in the cosmos ecosystem – open science and open engineering in collaboration with this broader community. We try to tackle big problems with researchers. We are funding that and contributing to that. That means not just developing our little side of things but having a broad sweep and ensuring we’re contributing to significant pieces of work. Then on the economic and ecological side of things (not the science and tech, but the economic and market theory side of things), I think we try to do our best to identify leading thinkers and to acknowledge where work is coming from and have a solid understanding for the research and prior art in the space. I will say it’s a little hard in that reality— it’s harder on the carbon market because it is not as open as engineering, where there’s a solid open culture. On the carbon side of things, that’s not necessarily true. Miles to go to build a strong community around trial and error.
Q#9 –Anything you’d like to add or say to the people reading this interview with you?
We need to be brave. The world is volatile right now. We need to be brave in investing our energy in supporting things that matter. We can’t afford to lose hope. We must invest our energies in building and cooperating to have a long-term positive impact. We can’t despair and not build trees; we can despair and not build the tools that we need. Be brave to do the things we know we need to build together.